Findings demonstrate improved treatment precision in dry eye disease through formulation selection based on phenotypes.
The therapeutic efficacy of topical CsA is primarily determined by formulation-tear film interactions. The 0.05% CsA nanoemulsion is more appropriate for aqueous-deficient DED, where prolonged ocular residence supports tear volume recovery, whereas 0.1% CsA cationic emulsion is better suited for tear-film instability or evaporative DED, where improved spreading enhances tear film stability. These results support phenotype-based selection of CsA formulations to optimize treatment precision.
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Jaewoong Koh (2026) studied this question.
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