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ENSO‐MJO Interaction and Its Association With Monsoon Extreme Rainfall Events Over the Indian Region

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Observational analysis shows the impact of ENSO on extreme rainfall events in India, highlighting the roles of MJO phases.

Extreme rainfall events increase by over 40% during La Niña, while they decrease during El Niño.
Rainfall anomalies during La Niña and El Niño phases are statistically significant at the 90% and 95% levels, respectively.
The MJO phases modulate rainfall patterns, influencing moisture convergence and convection anomalies with clear regional effects.
The findings suggest important implications for predicting extreme rainfall and understanding the Indian monsoon cycle.

Pagire et al. (2025) studied this question.

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