Air pollution spikes and health risks resulting from wheat crop residue burning in central India

Wheat residue burning, while traditionally common in North India, is becoming increasingly prevalent in Central India, especially in key wheat-producing states like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh.. It is driven by a steady rise in wheat cultivation and production. This practice, primarily used for clearing land after harvest, releases harmful pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have serious health implications for local populations. Short-term pollution spikes, particularly during the post-harvest months from March to May, lead to increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Despite the negative environmental and health consequences, wheat residue burning remains prevalent due to its low cost and lack of effective alternatives. This review examines the rise in wheat production, crop residue generation, and the adverse effects of residue burning on air quality and public health in central India. The article explores potential solutions, including the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices such as zero-till farming, residue management technologies, and alternative disposal methods like composting and mulching. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of policy interventions, farmer education, and public awareness campaigns to reduce crop residue burning and its harmful effects. Addressing this issue requires a coordinated approach from farmers, policymakers, and public health professionals to mitigate air pollution and protect both human health and the environment in the region.