Iodine Deficiency and Its Prevention: A Literature Review

Iodine deficiency remains a major public health issue in many countries, despite preventive efforts. It negatively affects thyroid gland function, especially in children and pregnant women. Materials and methods. A systematic literature review of 242 scientific publications in Russian and English (2000–2023) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Epidemiological data, effectiveness of salt iodization programs, and dietary influences were analyzed. Aim of the study. To analyze factors associated with iodine deficiency and evaluate the effectiveness of various preventive strategies. Results. Salt iodization programs were the most effective, reducing deficiency levels by up to 91% in some regions. Personalized approaches considering geographic and cultural factors also proved successful. A strong correlation was noted between the consumption of iodized foods and reduction in iodine deficiency rates. Conclusion. Effective iodine deficiency prevention requires sustainable fortification programs, continuous monitoring, and regionally adapted strategies. Public education on nutrition also plays a crucial role.