Convection in an Anisotropic Porous Layer Saturated by a Darcy-Maxwell Nanofluid with Soret-Dufour Effects

This research investigates the dynamics of a Darcy-Maxwell nanofluid within an anisotropic porous medium, incorporating Soret and Dufour phenomena. The study considers a system where the nanofluid layer is heated and contains dissolved solutes from the lower boundary. Utilizing linear stability analysis with conventional methodologies, the influence of various parameters—including mechanical and thermal anisotropy, Soret coefficient, Dufour coefficient, Lewis number, and solute Rayleigh number—on system stability is explored. Findings indicate that the stationary mode’s Rayleigh number remains unaffected by the relaxation time and adjusted particle-density variation. Additionally, the adjusted particle-density variation has no impact on the oscillatory Rayleigh number. The inclusion of nanoparticles promotes earlier convective onset, while their influence elevates the stationary Rayleigh number, thereby postponing convective instability.