Electromagnetically Controlled Unsteady Flow and Heat Transfer of a (SWCNT, TiO₂)-H₂O Hybrid Nanofluid

This novel investigation examines the time-dependent flow and thermal behaviour of a hybrid nanofluid composed of water infused with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles. The study focuses on the contribution exerted by the electromagnetic forces on the stream along a horizontally oriented, penetrable, and extending surface. The investigation primarily focuses on the combined influence of porous medium resistance and electromagnetic force effecting the motion of molecules and the transport of warmness. The model incorporates the role of Heating due to fluid viscosity and Ohmic heating in the energy balance. The system of leading mathematical formulations is transformed into dimensionless form and numerically analysed using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver, ensuring accuracy and stability. The results demonstrate that increasing nanoparticle volume fractions enhances the efficiency of thermal energy transport in the fluid, significantly improving thermal transport. Additionally, the hybrid nanofluid with a water base shows superior thermal performance compared to kerosene-based counterparts. Velocity and thermal slip conditions are shown to attenuate momentum and temperature, respectively. These findings are relevant to advanced thermal management systems in engineering applications such as electronic cooling and metal processing.