Fungal endophytes of cactus (Stenocereus spp.) as a potential alternative to alleviate drought stress in juveniles of Theobroma cacao L. ICS95

Theobroma cacao , one of Colombia's most economically and socially significant crops, faces productivity challenges due to drought. This stress can reduce growth, leaf area, and stomatal conductance (Ks), and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, exploring solutions to enhance drought tolerance is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the use of fungal root endophytes from Stenocereus spp. to induce drought tolerance in T. cacao genotype ICS95. In vitro drought tolerance screening identified five fungal isolates that exhibited the highest biomass production and less than 20% biomass loss under drought compared to non-drought conditions. The soil of juvenile T. cacao plants was inoculated with these isolates, and physiological and morphological parameters were assessed, including leaf water potential (Ψ L ), stomatal conductance (Ks), proline content, and growth. The results showed a significant decrease in Ψ L and Ks in juveniles under drought stress, which was observed across all five fungal isolates tested. However, juveniles inoculated with Phoma sp. exhibited less negative Ψ L and lower Ks than non-inoculated controls, suggesting that this fungus may be a potential inducer of drought tolerance in T. cacao ICS95. One intriguing result was that plants inoculated with this fungus accumulated less proline during the drought treatment. Under non-drought conditions, juveniles inoculated with Acrophialophora sp., Ectophoma sp., Fusarium sp., and Phoma sp. exhibited an increase in mean leaf area. These findings suggest that fungal endophytes associated with Stenocereus spp. could provide a potential alternative for alleviating drought stress and may also mediate growth promotion under non-drought conditions in cacao.