The effects of betulinic acid on HT-29 colorectal cancer cells by inducing inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptosis markers

This research investigates the therapeutic potential of betulinic acid (BA) in colorectal cancer (CRC), focusing on its effects on apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers. HT29 colorectal cancer cells were exposed to various concentrations of BA. Immunohistochemistry using Anti-Bax and Anti-Bcl-2 antibodies, as well as ELISA assays, were employed to assess levels of markers such as TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, SOD, and CAT. Results revealed that higher doses of BA (e.g. 50 and 100 μg/mL) significantly upregulated TGF-β, IL-10, SOD, and CAT levels, while downregulating pro-inflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Histological analysis confirmed that BA promoted apoptosis, with distinct expression patterns of Bax and Bcl-2. These findings suggest that BA may serve as a promising natural therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer, though further studies are needed to elucidate its molecular mechanisms and cellular targets.