Exploring the Impact of Environmental and Dust Thermophysical Properties on Soiling Thermal Losses of Solar PV Modules

As the world confronts global warming, environmental degradation, and the increasing frequency of natural disasters, solar energy has emerged as a promising alternative clean energy source. This study investigates the complex relationship between environmental factors, dust thermophysical properties, and soiling induced thermal effects on solar photovoltaic modules. The study utilized computational fluid dynamics simulations combined with a full factorial face-centred central composite design, the study reveals that installation geometry significantly affects cell temperature. Specifically, lower tilt angles correlate with higher cell temperatures averaging 7.13°C above those of near-vertical panels. Additionally, panels installed at heights of 1 m exhibited temperatures that were 5.57°C higher than those at 3 m due to enhanced convective cooling from increased wind exposure. The installation geometry and thermophysical properties of dust played a crucial role in determining solar cell temperature. Specifically, conditions characterized by low thermal conductivity, high density, and high specific heat capacity coupled with low tilt angles, direct sun-panel orientation, and reduced installation height contributed to average temperature increases of 9.13°C. These findings provide practical recommendations for optimizing the design and maintenance strategies of solar photovoltaic systems across various environmental conditions, ultimately contributing to enhanced energy efficiency and sustainability in solar power generation.