Temporomandibular Disorders and Their Association with Gender and Psychosocial Factors Among Adults: A Narrative Review

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) have become a prevalent health problem worldwide. TMDs are associated with several pain-related issues affecting the quality of life of many populations. Although several studies have investigated the etiology of TMDs, the exact cause remains unclear since many factors contribute to these disorders, including muscle and nerve coordination, mechanical factors, genetics, psychological factors, and environmental factors. Furthermore, research shows that TMDs are more common among women. Additionally, these conditions are linked to increased stress levels, anxiety, and lower socioeconomic status (SES). Diagnostic methods for TMDs primarily rely on examinations and imaging techniques, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding the development of an effective treatment plan. The classification system recommended by the International Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Dysfunction Consortium Network stands as an effective tool for categorizing cases with TMDs, developing specific treatment plans, and predicting outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge on the prevalence, etiological factors, symptoms, types, screening, and diagnostic methods of TMDs among adults, while exploring the associations between TMDs and stress, gender, and SES.