Development of the AODV-PNT Routing Protocol with Energy Factor in MANET Environments

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are autonomous wireless networks that enable device communication without reliance on established infrastructure. Their dynamic characteristics provide difficulties for the development of effective routing systems. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a favoured option for MANET because of its flexibility in dynamic settings. AODV has been enhanced into AODV with Prediction Node Trend (AODV-PNT), which incorporates node movement prediction to select more stable routes by evaluating route stability using the Total Weight of the Route (TWR), calculated from mobility parameters like speed, acceleration, direction, and link quality. This study proposes AODV-PNT with an energy factor, modifying the TWR formula to include node energy as a new parameter. Trials using Network Simulator 2 demonstrated that AODV-PNT with an energy factor significantly improved the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by 8.48% across all node densities and reduced Routing Overhead (RO) by 2169, indicating a satisfactory outcome. However, the study has limitations including simulation-only validation and specific parameter settings that may affect generalizability. The implications extend to enhanced network longevity and reliability in energy-constrained MANET deployments.