University–industry Linkage Modalities and the Quality of Collaboration: Effects on Knowledge Transfer and Innovation

This study examines how the quality of interpersonal ties influences the selection of university–industry (U–I) linkage modalities and the perceived benefits of collaboration. Based on a multiple case study from Argentine research centers, the findings show that strong ties are essential for bidirectional and innovation-oriented modalities, while weak ties are linked to service-based interactions. Researchers involved in strong-tie collaborations tend to gain intellectual benefits, while economic outcomes dominate in service and commercial modalities. The study highlights the central role of trust, interdisciplinarity, and proactive engagement in fostering effective knowledge transfer. It calls for institutional incentives that support deeper, sustained U–I collaborations.