Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Angiostrongylus vasorum

Angiostrongylus vasorum is an expanding cardiopulmonary nematode of canids and other carnivores. Variations in the morphology of male specimens, particularly the copulatory bursa, may lead to misidentification, especially in non-canid hosts. Diagnostic challenges are further compounded when examining poorly preserved adult specimens or those from wildlife, especially when males are not present. Molecular methods have proven an excellent tool for species confirmation and in revealing significant genetic diversity within A. vasorum populations. This review aims to explore the morphological and genetic diversity of A. vasorum , update the distribution in Europe, and discuss important epidemiological implications. We propose integrating molecular and morphological diagnostic strategies, particularly when identifying the parasite in non-canid hosts and in non-endemic regions. Understanding the population structure and diversity of A. vasorum may influence diagnostic strategies and support control measures of canine angiostrongylosis.