Dynamics of IL-1β, TNFα and IL-10 production during vestibuloplasty with lancet surgery or laser technique in the area of dental implants

Long-term survival of implants requires both a stable bone level and an optimal width of attached keratinized mucosa, which acts as a buffer and protector against the food bolus. Deficiency of keratinized mucosa may cause biological complications of implantation, leading to implant disintegration. Cytokines are potential biomarkers for diagnostics of various disorders and/or assessment of treatment effectiveness in dental practice. Salivary cytokines are associated with oral inflammation, making them potential diagnostic biomarkers. Due to simple collection of salivary samples, cytokine determination in saliva may become a useful and widely used method for monitoring the course of the postoperative period in the context of surgery. In our study, we compare the clinical features of the postoperative period and the levels of IL-10, IL-1β and TNFα during the healing of the mucous membrane after vestibuloplasty in the area of dental implants with various instruments, i.e, surgical lancet and a laser. Our objective was to evaluate the level of IL-1β, TNFα and IL- 10 cytokines in the supernatant of mixed saliva, severity of pain and collateral edema in the course of wound defect healing in patients who underwent vestibuloplasty in the area of integrated dental implants with a scalpel or laser technique. We observed 16 patients with a deficiency of attached keratinized mucous membrane who underwent vestibuloplasty in the area of integrated dental implants. On days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after surgery, the severity of pain and collateral edema were evaluated, as well as cytokine profile (IL-10, IL-1β and TNFα) in the time course of wound healing. Pairwise comparisons of clinical parameters (pain level, severity of collateral edema and IL-1β level) have revealed statistically significant differences on day 3 afer surgery. Poinflammatory cytokines detected in saliva can act as prognostic markers and will allow the development of a new personalized approach to the management of dental patients. Taking into account all the parameters for assessing different surgical methods, it seems advisable to perform manipulations using laser technologies when performing vestibuloplasty surgery.