Numerical Simulation of 3D Full Hydraulic Jumps Using a GPU-Based SPH Model

Hydraulic jumps typically exhibit a distinct symmetry under ideal boundary conditions and are characterized by a sudden change in flow depth and velocity. They are commonly employed in a diverse array of water management systems to dissipate excess energy due to their high energy dissipation rate, strong adaptability to geological conditions and tailwater variation, small fluctuation in tailwater, and low cost of maintenance. In this study, a GPU-based Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model of 3D hydraulic jumps is established. Numerical simulation of three 3D symmetric full hydraulic jumps with large Froude numbers are carried out, and satisfactory agreements are shown with a largest L2 error of 0.442 between the numerical free surface and experimental data. The model can reliably reproduce the free surface, jump the toe position, and jump the skimming flow. The analysis of the model efficiency shows that a maximum GPU acceleration of 12, which is equivalent to the theoretical maximum speedups, against parallel CPU can be achieved with a common GPU device. Furthermore, the energy dissipation in the stilling basin of a real sluice gate is investigated by the model. Therefore, the SPH model is a powerful tool for investigating the complex and large-scale 3D full hydraulic jumps for similar hydraulic engineering with the same boundary condition.