Overview of developing and testing materials to improve the efficiency of solar panels in space

Increasing the efficiency and durability of photovoltaic converters (PVS) is a critically important task for providing energy to modern and promising spacecraft (SPACECRAFT). The extreme conditions of outer space – vacuum, thermal cycles, exposure to high-energy particles and ultraviolet (UV) radiation – lead to the degradation of traditional materials and a decrease in the output power of solar panels. This article provides a systematic review of modern advanced materials and technologies aimed at improving the efficiency and radiation resistance of the SB. Multi-junction (cascade) solar cells based on AIIBV compounds, their manufacturing technologies and advantages are considered. Special attention is paid to new classes of materials such as perovskites and chalcogenide halides, as well as nanostructured coatings to suppress degradation. Methods of ground-based modeling and testing in conditions simulating space conditions, including proton and electron irradiation, thermal cycling and UV radiation exposure, are analyzed. It is shown that the integration of new materials and protective coatings can significantly increase the initial efficiency and slow down the rate of degradation of the SB, which is a key factor for the implementation of long-term missions.