Integrated Approaches for Soil Salinity Remediation: Traditional Practices, Technological Innovations, and Remote Sensing Applications

Soil salinity is a complex environmental issue predominantly observed in arid and semi-arid regions, posing significant threats to agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. This study examines the multidimensional nature of soil salinity, which arises from both natural processes (geological formations, climate) and anthropogenic activities (improper irrigation, inadequate drainage, use of low-quality irrigation water). Based on a comprehensive literature review, this systematic analysis investigates the types of soil salinity-such as primary and secondary salinity-classification criteria, and global distribution dynamics. The study provides a comparative evaluation of conventional reclamation methods, including physical (drainage, land leveling, leaching), chemical (gypsum application, sulfuric acid treatment), and biological (organic matter amendment, halophytic plant utilization) approaches, while discussing their respective advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the critical role of integrating remote sensing technologies and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in large-scale monitoring, mapping, and modeling of salinity is emphasized. This work underscores the necessity of adopting interdisciplinary and integrated strategies for sustainable land management and effective salinity control, offering strategic recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. In conclusion, the synergistic use of traditional methods and advanced technologies emerges as the most promising approach for the effective management of soil salinity.