Crohn’s Disease – A Review of Contemporary Treatment Methods

Background: Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder with increasing global prevalence, including in Poland. Advances in pharmacology and biologic therapies, along with nutritional and surgical strategies, have significantly changed its management, yet no curative treatment exists. Objectives: The aim of this review was to systematize current therapeutic strategies for Crohn’s disease, with emphasis on pharmacological agents, dietary interventions, and surgical approaches, and to highlight recent developments and regional perspectives. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted based on 51 full-text articles published in English and Polish between 2010 and 2025, retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed studies and reviews addressing Crohn’s disease therapy. Conference abstracts, non-peer-reviewed sources, and experimental animal studies were excluded. Results: The review identified three major groups of pharmacological agents: anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologic therapies, including recent data on JAK inhibitors and interleukin-23 antagonists. Nutritional strategies, particularly exclusive enteral nutrition, were shown to support induction of remission and reduce relapse rates. Surgical intervention remains necessary in complicated cases, though recurrence is common. Differences between international guidelines were noted, particularly regarding the role of mesalazine, enteral nutrition, and sequencing of biologic therapies. Conclusions: Effective management of Crohn’s disease requires an individualized and multidisciplinary approach. Pharmacological treatment remains the cornerstone, complemented by nutritional interventions and surgical therapy when indicated. Future progress depends on the integration of novel biologics and small molecules, identification of predictive biomarkers, and broader access to advanced therapies.