Atmospheric Ozone Variability in Central Brazil: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Across Three Distinct Biomes

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of the Total Column Ozone (TCO) across three Brazilian biomes—Cerrado, Pantanal, and Atlantic Forest—between 2005 and 2020. Satellite-derived TCO data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were used to assess monthly, seasonal, and interannual variations. Linear and polynomial regressions were applied to identify trends and variability, while descriptive and comparative statistics supported biome-specific characterization. The results reveal distinct seasonal cycles, with primary TCO peaks during the dry season (August–October), driven by intense solar radiation and biomass burning, and secondary peaks during the rainy season (March–May), likely influenced by stratospheric ozone transport. The Cerrado exhibited the highest TCO values and variability, followed by the Atlantic Forest and Pantanal. The observed upward TCO trend (~ 0.03 DU/year) is modest and biome-dependent, reflecting both global atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g., Brewer–Dobson, QBO) and localized human impacts such as land use change and fire regimes. Notably, the Pantanal showed the lowest TCO concentrations and interannual fluctuations, likely due to its flat topography and high humidity. This work emphasizes the importance of regionalized ozone monitoring in tropical ecosystems and supports public policy aimed at reducing emissions, protecting biodiversity, and mitigating climate impacts. The integration of satellite-based data and spatiotemporal analysis provides valuable insights for future climate-chemistry modeling in tropical regions.