Association between depressive symptoms and domestic violence and abuse among Nepali Women: A cross-sectional study

Background Domestic violence is a widespread public health problem and serious violation of human right. It occurs worldwide, across all generations, nationalities, communities and spheres of societies, irrespective of age, ethnicity, disability or other background. While men may also fall victim to domestic violence, it is women who bear the more serious implications for their health. Domestic violence victims have a higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorders, and suicide. Despite a critical link between domestic violence and mental health, very few studies have been done to identify the link between violence and mental health problems in Nepal. Thus, to bridge the gap this study aims to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and different forms of domestic violence; physical, sexual and emotional violence. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 429 women aged 30 to 60 years who underwent cervical cancer screening in Dhulikhel and Banepa municipalities, Kavrepalanchowk district, Nepal. We conducted the study amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, interviews were conducted over the phone for infection prevention. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association between depressive symptoms and domestic violence and abuse. Results Findings of our study suggest 2.99 times (95% CI: 1.57, 5.67, p = 0.001) higher odds of having depressive symptoms in women experiencing any type of violence. Similarly, the odds of having depressive symptoms were 2.5 times (95% CI: 1.26, 4.98, p=0.009) higher in participants who had experienced physical violence and 6.21 times (95% CI: 2.49, 15.46, p<0.001) higher among the participants who had experienced sexual violence or emotional abuse. Conclusion Those women who have experienced physical violence, sexual abuse, or emotional abuse are more likely to experience depressive symptoms. To better understand the factors contributing to these symptoms, further in-depth and exploratory studies are needed. Community-based interventions are needed to offer counseling, support groups, and safe spaces for women affected by violence.