Radicalisation in Jammu and Kashmir: a theoretical and empirical appraisal of internal and external dynamics

The phenomenon of radicalisation is widespread, and Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) is no exception. But the understanding of radicalisation in J&K differs from the Western perspectives, and this investigation is an attempt to focus on the context-specific discourse while analysing the internal dynamics and external influences that shape its trajectory. Drawing on the theoretical insights from Moghaddam's Staircase to Terrorism, Neumann's radicalisation framework, and the newly proposed Cyclical Interaction Model, the article seeks to examine how internal discontent interplays with external propaganda, cross-border terrorism, and digital radicalisation. Qualitative methods of research have been adopted in order to explore how socio-political grievances, historical marginalisation, identity-based alienation, and perceived injustices have created fertile ground for radical ideologies to grow. The study delves into the psychological vulnerability of youth and recruitment strategies of external actors in spreading extremist narratives. Moreover, the research evaluates state responses, including counter-radicalisation and de-radicalisation programmes. It offers a comprehensive exploration of the radicalisation discourse in J&K, suggesting an effective policy framework for all stakeholders and policymakers.