Insights into mulberry ( Morus spp.) defense responses to Glyphodes pyloalis : a review of recent advances

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an essential plant for the sericulture industry, serving as the primary food source for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). However, the plants are prone to various pest infestations that diminish the quality and quantity of mulberry leaves. Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is a principal pest of mulberry that causes considerable damage, resulting in significant economic losses at the field level. Mulberry leaves used for silkworm rearing are predominantly degraded by the fourth and fifth larvae of G. pyloalis, which fold the leaves and excrete black excrement. Notably, mulberry plants react to G. pyloalis infestations through a wide range of molecular, biochemical, and morphological processes. For instance, insecticides have played a crucial role in preventing and controlling significant agricultural insect pests, enhancing food production. However, the ability of pesticides to control pests weakens as resistance develops. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying mulberry defense responses to G. pyloalis attack, and it also discusses some pitfalls in defense mechanisms as well as G. pyloalis management and future perspectives.