Integrated implantable bioelectronic system based on intrinsically stretchable and conductive nanocomposites

Recent advances in soft nanocomposites have enabled the development of mechanically compliant and electronically functional systems for implantable bioelectronics. Composites, developed by integrating conductive nanomaterials with soft polymeric matrices, mitigate the mechanical mismatch and induce electrical interactions between electronic devices and biological tissues, ensuring stable electrical interfaces with dynamic organs, such as the brain and heart, and peripheral nerves. Furthermore, the integration of nanocomposite-based devices with hardware-level wireless technologies and software-level artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analytics paves the way for implementing unconventional closed-loop implantable bioelectronic platforms. This multidiscipline integration of state-of-the-art technologies facilitates high-fidelity biosignal acquisition and precise electroceutical interventions in vivo. In this review, we present material candidates of conductive nanofillers and intrinsically stretchable matrices for implantable bioelectronics. We also discuss strategies to enhance their electrical and mechanical performance and provide an overview of organ-specific applications and system-level integration with wireless and AI technologies. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges to be addressed for realizing next-generation closed-loop bioelectronic systems.