Essential Oils from Olea europaea and Cyperus esculentus Exhibit Promising Therapeutic Effect against Alzheimer's Disease in a Rat Model

background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) presents a significant challenge as a prevalent and fatal neurodegenerative condition affecting the elderly globally. objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective or therapeutic effects of virgin olive oil (VO) and tiger nut essential oil (TN-EO) on Alzheimer's dementia in male rats, along with analyzing serum biomarker gene expression profiles in AD and control groups. method: Rats were fed basal diets supplemented with 5% VO or TN-EO, alongside high-fat meals containing trans fats, butter (25%), margarine (25%), and hydrogenated shorten oils (25%), to assess lipid profiles and serum biomarkers. Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), P53, BCL2, Mouse ICAM-1, PSEN, and BACE genes in AD compared to controls. Real-time PCR analysis revealed inflammatory biomarkers and AD-induced risk factors in high-fat di-et-treated, VO-treated, and control samples. result: The study found correlations between serum biomarker levels, lipid profiles, and dietary treatments. Activities of AChE, glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) varied notably between VO and TN-EO treatments. High-fat dietary treatments led to significant increases in serum lipid profiles due to trans-fat intake compared to controls. Overall, VO and TN-EO showed cognitive enhancement and preventive therapeutic potential against AD symptoms induced by trans fats feeding, including inhibition of AChE activity, reduced amyloid-beta accumulation, and inflammation mitigation. conclusion: The study suggested that serum biomarker gene expression profiles could serve as indicators for differential diagnosis between AD, VO, and dietary treatments. VO and TN-EO exhibited protective effects, enhancing cognition and providing therapeutic potential against AD symptoms by mitigating inflammation and amyloid-beta accumulation while inhibiting AChE activity.