Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in the Provision of Water in Borno State, Nigeria

Access to safe and reliable water remains a fundamental human right and a critical necessity, especially in conflict-affected regions where state capacity is severely weakened. This study investigates the role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the provision of water in Borno State, Nigeria—a region grappling with humanitarian crises caused by insurgency and internal displacement. Using a mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 400 respondents in Monguno, Gwoza, and Maiduguri Metropolitan Council through surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that NGOs such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM), International Rescue Committee (IRC), and Kumbal Support Initiative (KSI) are instrumental in delivering boreholes, solar-powered water systems, and emergency water trucking. A significant positive relationship was found between NGO interventions and improved access to water, as well as user satisfaction. However, challenges such as insecurity, funding instability, and poor coordination with government agencies were noted as impediments to effectiveness. The study concludes that NGOs are essential to humanitarian water delivery in Borno State and recommends enhanced collaboration, sustained funding, and community involvement to ensure long-term impact. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of humanitarian intervention theory and offer practical implications for policymakers, donors, and humanitarian actors in fragile settings.