Multitemporal Monitoring of Mass Movements Using GNSS, UAV and Multispectral Sensors in Aloburo—Pimampiro, Imbabura UNESCO Global Geopark

Landslides are one of the most frequent natural hazards in mountainous regions, gener-ating serious social and economic consequences. This study presents a multitemporal monitoring approach applied in the Aloburo–Pimampiro sector, due to its high frequency of mass movements, within the Imbabura Geopark. The objective was to integrate geodetic and remote sensing techniques to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of an active rota-tional–translational landslide. A geodetic micro-network of 16 GNSS control points was established and monitored between 2022 and 2024, allowing the detection of differential displacements. Consequently, UAV flights equipped with a Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera were conducted, generating orthomosaics and NDVI and NDWI indices to evalu-ate vegetation cover and surface moisture. The results showed contrasting displacement patterns, with minor deformations at the crown and unexpected northwestward dis-placements at the toe of the landslide, suggesting complex kinematics. Multispectral analysis indicated initial soil saturation and low vegetation cover, followed by progressive recolonization exceeding 80% of the area, although active cracks maintained high mois-ture values. The integration of GNSS and UAV-based multispectral data proved effective for understanding landslide dynamics.