Nanomedicine-Driven Modulation of the Gut–Brain Axis: Innovative Approaches to Managing Chronic Inflammation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease

Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), where sustained neuroinflammatory responses contribute to neuronal damage and functional decline. Recent advances in nanomedicine offer novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating inflammation, with a focus on targeting the gut–brain axis, a key mediator in the interplay between systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in this context, facilitating the integration of large, complex datasets to better understand the intricate relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis, chronic neuroinflammation, the exposome (cumulative impact of lifelong environmental exposures), and disease manifestation. AI-driven approaches and integrating exposome data with AI enable deeper insights into exposure–microbiome–inflammation interactions, enhance our understanding of the inflammatory pathways involved, support the development of predictive models for disease progression, and optimize the delivery of nanomedicine-based therapeutics. Additionally, AI applications in neuroimaging and personalized therapy planning have shown promise in addressing both motor and non-motor symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge, highlighting the convergence of AI, nanomedicine, and chronic inflammation in neurodegenerative disease care.