In Nature-Based Solution (NBS) projects, stakeholder mapping is not merely a methodological step but a strategic process that enables meaningful engagement, co-creation, and the building of trust among diverse actors. This study describes the stakeholder mapping approach adopted in the NBSINFRA project, paying particular attention to methods designed to strengthen participation and co-creation. The process followed three inter-related steps: (1) stakeholder identification; (2) stakeholder analysis, filtering, and prioritization; and (3) stakeholder understanding. Drawing on a cross-methodological approach, including interviews, focus groups, direct observation, and on-site observations, the project engaged a wide spectrum of stakeholders, involving representatives of the local community. The findings point out that stakeholder mapping functioned as a catalyst for social engagement, co-design, informal collaborations, and the development of trustful and transparent relationships between team members and the community. The process made it possible to identify regional and national stakeholders, thereby opening avenues for international collaboration in later stages of the project. Finally, this study highlights persistent challenges that require attention, including information gaps, limited opportunities for participation due to time constraints, and the enduring prevalence of top-down decision-making.
Pereira et al. (2025) studied this question.