Structural aspects of using glass in facades

Glass is a unique structural material that combines transparency, aesthetics and mechanical performance, making it one of the most important components in contemporary façade engineering. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the structural use of glass in façades, with a particular focus on its mechanical properties, product types, design methodologies and system applications. The study begins with a review of the physical and chemical characteristics of float glass, including its elastic and brittle behaviour, sensitivity to surface defects and strategies for strength enhancement – such as thermal tempering and chemical strengthening. Basic glass products such as laminated glass, insulating glass units and fire-resistant glass are also discussed. A significant portion of the article is dedicated to identifying and analysing common errors that occur at different stages of façade design, construction and maintenance. Examples include issues related to thermal movement, incorrect material selection, inadequate joint detailing and insufficient maintenance strategies, all of which may compromise façade integrity and user safety. The paper also explores advanced façade systems such as unitised modules, double-skin façades, closed cavity façades and long-span glazed façades supported by trusses, cables or glass fins. Case studies of notable architectural applications, including the Markthal in Rotterdam and the Sub-Center Library in Beijing, are used to illustrate current trends and engineering challenges. Finally, the article highlights the ongoing standardization efforts in structural glass design, including the forthcoming Eurocode 10, which aims to formalize glass as a structural material within the European regulatory framework.