Breakage and Defect Volume Losses in a Ponderosa Pine Stand

A change from log scale to tree measurement in timber sales requires an appraisal of possible losses due to breakage and defects, both visible and invisible. This paper presents the result of a study of losses occurring in a stand over three-fourths of which was ponderosa pine and the remainder Douglas fir and lowland white fir on the Payette National Forest. Contrasts between species, between defects within a species, and avoidable and unavoidable losses are brought out.