Exploring self-efficacy in WBL programmes: a case study from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia and its global implications for TVET

Purpose This study aims to investigate the self-efficacy levels of students enrolled in work-based learning (WBL) programmes, using Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) as a case study within the global context of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Design/methodology/approach Employing a quantitative survey design, the study evaluates self-efficacy across three dimensions: self-ability, adherence to work rules and personal and professional development, based on responses from 211 students. Findings The findings reveal a moderate level of self-efficacy among participants, with significant differences based on age but not gender or academic qualifications. The results provide valuable insights into the factors influencing student self-efficacy in WBL programmes, offering recommendations for improving such initiatives to enhance employability and industry readiness across diverse TVET systems. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on UTHM as a case study, and further research in diverse institutional contexts is recommended to validate these findings. Practical implications Insights from this study can guide the development of targeted interventions to enhance self-efficacy and employability among students, particularly through mentorship and improved WBL programme structures. Social implications Enhanced self-efficacy improves workforce readiness, reducing graduate unemployment and fostering industry-academia collaboration. WBL programs bridge skill gaps by integrating mentorship and support, helping students develop both technical expertise and career resilience. Originality/value This study uniquely links demographic factors with self-efficacy in WBL, going beyond industry readiness to explore psychological and educational aspects. By incorporating international comparisons and Bandura's framework, it broadens the theoretical foundation of WBL research from a global perspective.