Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) in Sports Injuries: Anatomy, Pathomechanics and Evidence-Based Interventions

The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) is a critical stabilizer of the ulnar side of the wrist, playing a pivotal role in load transmission and the complex biomechanics of forearm rotation. Due to its anatomical position and functional demands, the TFCC is highly susceptible to injury in athletes. The prevalence of TFCC tears in cases of general wrist trauma can be significant, and they represent a primary cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain in the athletic population. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the TFCC, integrating current knowledge on its intricate anatomy and physiological function. It examines the pathomechanical pathways leading to both acute traumatic tears and chronic degenerative conditions commonly seen in sports. The clinical presentation of TFCC injuries is detailed, emphasizing the diagnostic challenges and the importance of a thorough physical examination supported by advanced imaging. A critical evaluation of intervention strategies, from conservative management and rehabilitation protocols to advanced surgical techniques, is presented, synthesizing findings from several recent systematic reviews. The focus is placed on the evidence-based outcomes of these interventions. Furthermore, this review discusses the limitations of current treatment paradigms and the crucial role of structured, evidence-based rehabilitation in facilitating an athlete's return to sport. By synthesizing existing literature, this paper aims to provide clinicians, therapists, and sports medicine professionals with a robust framework for understanding and managing TFCC injuries in the athletic population.