This article examines the ideational dimensions of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, such as the symbolic character of Crimea, Russian strategic culture, nationalism and identity, propaganda, and the function of misconceptions and illusions in shaping opinion and action. Although material and geopolitical factors are no doubt significant in the conflict, the ideational dimensions provide us with vital insight into the motivations of Russia’s assertive policies towards Ukraine. The symbolic meaning of Crimea in the Russian identity, its strategic culture, and the influence of state-sponsored narratives’ and propaganda are analyzed in considerable detail. In addition, the article analyzes the misperceptions and illusions which create and perpetuate the conflict, which propel both the Russian policymakers and public opinion. By synthesizing these ideational variables with the broader geopolitical context, the article offers a comprehensive understanding of the complex factors that led to and sustain the war.
Laman Gahramanova (2025) studied this question.