Biocultural dynamics and morphological variation of Laelia albida Bateman ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in traditional systems of the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico

Abstract This study analyzes the traditional system and infraspecific morphological variation of Laelia albida in the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico, within a biocultural heritage framework. We aimed to assess the species’ distribution, morphological diversity, and the structural and functional components of the local biocultural system supporting its conservation. We used a mixed-methods approach including MaxEnt ecological niche modeling, morphometric analysis of the labellum in 110 accessions, and ethnographic methods (oral history and sectional surveys). Results show a mismatch between the species’ potential ecological niche and its current distribution within traditional agroecosystems, which is instead shaped by cultural practices. Four distinct floral morphotypes were identified, each with symbolic and ornamental value for the Day of the Dead festivities. The ongoing transmission of traditional knowledge and management practices, linked to cultural landscapes known as “llanos”, demonstrates the vital role of biocultural systems in maintaining orchid diversity.