A novel subunit vaccine improves mucosal immunity and provides cross-protection against influenza viruses, indicating a potential for universal vaccine formulations.
Conventional influenza vaccines target the globular head domains of hemagglutinins (HAs), which are highly plastic and provide strain‐specific immunity. Therefore, a universal influenza vaccine with conserved antigens and novel adjuvants is urgently required. Mucosal immunity is the first line of defense against viral infections; however, proven mucosal adjuvants are lacking. Therefore, we developed an intranasal Mini‐HA subunit vaccine combined with the CTA1‐DD adjuvant, which elicited robust mucosal and systemic immune responses in the lungs and spleens of mice, including antigen‐specific IgA, IgG, and effector T cells. Furthermore, the Mini‐HA subunit vaccine provided the mice with cross‐protection against H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses. These results indicate that combining the Mini‐HA antigen and mucosal adjuvant CTA1‐DD is a promising strategy for developing broad‐spectrum influenza vaccines.
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Wang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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