Abstract Hydraulic fracturing requires surveillance methods to evaluate fracture geometry and properties, enhancing the accuracy of pressure matching results. Various surveillance methods are available in the market, each with its advantages and disadvantages depending on the deployment objectives. Unlike many surveillance methods that only provide postmortem analysis, fiber optics enable real-time monitoring of fracture behavior. This allows for real-time intervention during the fracturing process when necessary. A permanent fiber optic installation behind the casing is selected not only for fracturing surveillance but also for real-time production profiling and well-integrity measurement throughout the well's life. To expand the range of data captures, the technology is deployed in both virgin reservoir areas and brown fields, encompassing a variety of reservoir properties. Fiber optic measurements are used in combination with radioactive (RA) tracers to provide closed-loop insights and confirmation of fracture height measurement and fracture propagation behavior. Both measurements are deployed in laminated reservoirs with multiple objectives, including zone coverage of different perforation strategies, understanding screen-out mechanisms, assessing fracture containment, and evaluating the impact and behavior of diversion during hydraulic fracturing. During pumping, real-time intervention enables the optimization of fracture geometry and zone coverage by adjusting the pumping schedule and parameters on the fly. Post-fracturing treatment, RA tracer confirmation, and fiber optic measurements are used to develop a fit-for-purpose long-term strategy for each formation stimulation as part of the base design. Additionally, real-time observation capabilities provide insights into the causes of screen outs in several zones, allowing for better avoidance strategies. This also confirms the effectiveness of the multimodal particulate diverter used in fracturing and helps optimize the treatment schedule. The application of the technology in the laminated reservoir with wide range of reservoir pressure and stress could also provide insight the impact of depletion to the fracture propagation behavior. The paper will discuss the insights gained from fiber optic deployment, including strategy and candidate selection for the technology. It will highlight the limitations and advantages of this technology compared to other methods. The paper will also cover lessons learned from various operational aspects such as installation, perforation, data calibration, and interpretation. As a unique application of technology, this paper will serve as a valuable reference for practitioners and companies seeking alternative surveillance technologies.
Amri et al. (Tue,) studied this question.