Biopolymer derived nanofibers for sustainable solutions: a systematic review

The future for nanofibers made from biopolymers is promising, due to their unique feature such as a large surface area, tuneable porosity, and functional adaptability. This review delves into the progress in sustainable nanofiber technology, with a focus on biological macromolecules such as cellulose, chitosan, bacterial cellulose, zein, alginate, and gelatin. These bio-based polymers are also compared to synthetic ones including polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). These materials are essential in agriculture, food technology, and biomedicine. The study examines various fabrication methods, emphasizing electrospinning for its flexibility and effectiveness. It also looks at interaction mechanisms that improve nanofiber properties for biomedical uses (such as wound healing, drug delivery, and bone tissue engineering), active food packaging, and controlled agrochemical release. A bibliometric analysis over the past 25 years indicates a transition from basic research to practical innovations in nanofiber-based coatings, hydrogels, encapsulants, and sensors. This review highlights the pressing need for more research on biodegradable and biofunctional nanofiber materials, advocating for eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic polymers in different industries. Future advancements should aim at optimizing large-scale production, boosting biocompatibility, and enhancing multifunctional properties to support global sustainability efforts.