Association between healthy beverage index and kidney and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Iran

Limited studies have addressed the overall quality of beverages in participants with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between a healthy beverage index (HBI) and risk factors of kidney and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 245 Iranian with type 2 diabetes. A FFQ with 168 items was used to assess dietary intakes. Participants were categorized into three groups based on the HBI. The association between the HBI with the investigated variables was assessed by binary logistic regression that adjusted for age, total calorie intake, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, using blood sugar-lowering pills, marital status, occupation, economic status, and education level. After adjusting for confounders, our findings showed a significant inverse relationship between the HBI and urine albumin (odds ratio (OR): 0.91, 95% CI: (0.73 to 0.98)), and urine creatinine (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.73 to 0.99)); as well as total cholesterol (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: (0.87 to 1.00)), diastolic blood pressure (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: (0.89 to 1.00)), and two-hour blood sugar (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: (0.89 to 1.00)). The current study clarifies that a healthy beverage index may be associated with urine albumin, urine creatinine, total cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and two-hour blood sugar. The healthy beverage index warrants further consideration in relation to risk factors for kidney disease, lipid profile, and blood pressure among individuals with type 2 diabetes.