Hierarchical Modeling of Barriers to Sustainable Development in the Mining Industry of Pakistan: An ISM and MICMAC-Based Approach

Mining contributes to economic development but relies on finite and non-renewable resources,posing sustainability challenges. Achieving long-term economic stability and environmental preservation requires a balanced approach that integrates effective resource management with sustainable development strategies. However, sustainable development in mining is complex, as it faces multiple barriers related to governance, economic, structural, and environmental challenges. This study applies Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to explore these barriers and analyze their interdependencies. Data was collected from the literature and analyzed through expert opinions via a structured questionnaire, and an ISM-based model was developed to determine the hierarchical structure of these barriers. The MICMAC (Cross Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification) analysis further classifies barriers based on their driving and dependence power, providing insights into their relative importance within the system. Findings reveal that all thirty-two barriers influence the sustainability process, with some controlling as a key driving force while others function as dependent factors. Lack of top management commitment and lack of enforcement of rules and regulations emerge as the most influential barriers due to high driving power and low dependence. The absence of autonomous barriers indicates that all identified factors significantly affect the sustainable development of mining. The hierarchical ISM-based model emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions at different barrier levels. This research contributes to sustainability efforts by offering a structured approach to understanding barrier interrelationships, aiding policymakers and industry stakeholders in formulating effective strategies for responsible and sustainable mining practices.