The Hidden Disparities in Neurophysiological Research: Exploration of Race and Sex

Neurophysiological measures are essential in medicine and research, offering insights into brain function, disease progression, and cognitive states. Examples include electroencephalography (EEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). Given their importance in understanding brain function and disease, the equitable use of these technologies is essential. Unfortunately, inherent physical differences such as hair texture, skin tone, and skeletal structure can hinder the effectiveness of these tools, particularly across sex and racially diverse populations. This paper reviews barriers that impede the accurate and inclusive application of EEG, fNIRS, and TCD. It also explores innovations addressing disparities, including SEVO electrodes, adapted fNIRS headsets, and community-informed research practices. Despite recent advances, achieving true equity will require further technological innovation, methodological reforms, and deeper partnerships with underrepresented communities. Ongoing research efforts, especially those grounded in active collaboration, are critical to ensuring that neurophysiological tools are accessible, accurate, and representative for all populations.