Optimization of Seed Quality, Germination and Nursery Performance of Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. for Sustainable Propagation and Conservation

Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub. is an ecologically and economically important tree, yet its propagation is hindered by inconsistent seed quality, variable germination, and lack of standardized nursery and storage practices. This study examined seed maturation, germination ecology, nursery propagation, and storage behavior to optimize seedling performance and conservation strategies. Fruits and seeds were collected at successive stages of development and evaluated for morphological and physiological traits, germination responses, and seedling vigor. Results indicated that optimum maturity occurred at 70–80 days after anthesis, with seeds showing maximum germination and vigor. Germination was strongly influenced by temperature, light, and substrate, with favorable conditions enhancing early seedling growth. Nursery trials revealed that a Soil: Sand: FYM mixture (1:2:1) produced the most vigorous seedlings with superior growth and biomass. Storage experiments demonstrated that drying seeds to ~3–4% moisture and maintaining them at 5 °C preserved viability and vigor effectively over time. Seed source variation had minimal influence on germination and early growth, indicating wider applicability of the optimized protocols. This study provides practical guidelines for seed collection, propagation, and conservation of B. monosperma, supporting large-scale regeneration, ecological restoration, and sustainable management of this valuable species.