Marine-Derived Adsorption Biomaterials for Water Treatment: Efficiency and Kinetics of Textile Dye Removal Using Functionalized Fish Bone Adsorbents

This study offers a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and biologically derived adsorbent alternative for the removal of toxic dyes commonly found in industrial wastewater. The modification of waste materials such as fish bones contributes to sustainable resource utilization while achieving effective results in reducing dye pollution originating from the textile, food, and chemical industries. Adsorption mechanism analyses supported by kinetic and diffusion models provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of such materials. The surface modification of fish bone particles was carried out in two stages: in the first stage, silanizaion of bone particles (H) with 3-aminopopyltriethoysilane (S) was performed to obtain the HS product; in the second stage, the HSA form was created by binding an aldehyde functional group (2-Ethyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbaldehyde, A) to the surface. Adsorption experiments were conducted using fuchsine solution at different initial concentrations (6.76, 3.38, 1.69, and 0.676), and adsorption capacity (qₑ), removal efficiency (%), and kinetic parameters were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed a noticeable increase in adsorption capacity (0.08–0.94 mg/g) with increasing initial concentration, while kinetic analyses indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a high degree of correlation, suggesting that chemical interactions may play a dominant role in the adsorption mechanism.