Climate Factor Dependence of Renewable Energy Systems: Implications for Sustainability

renewable energy systems, including solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass, are inherently influenced by climatic conditions, posing challenges to their reliability and scalability. This study examines the sensitivity of these energy sources to climate variables such as solar radiation, wind speed, precipitation, and temperature using multi-regional data and predictive modelling. Results indicate significant spatial and temporal variability in energy output tied to climatic shifts, with solar photovoltaic (PV) efficiency declining by 0.5% per °C temperature rise and wind power potential fluctuating by up to 15% under altered atmospheric circulation patterns. Hydropower and biomass exhibit strong dependencies on precipitation variability and drought frequency, respectively. The findings underscore the necessity for adaptive infrastructure, hybrid energy systems, and climate-resilient policy frameworks to mitigate risks to energy security.