A Review on Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based 3D Printing for Meniscus Regeneration

An ideal meniscus substitute should possess a remarkable resemblance to the native meniscus, which includes structural integrity, biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and durability. Understanding of the meniscus anatomy, microarchitecture, and biomechanical properties of the meniscus can help in developing innovative designs, and advancements for addressing meniscus injuries and replacement. Emphasis is made on the promising application of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) as a source material for bio-ink in meniscus 3D printing. This paper examines the criteria required for dECM bio-inks, including immunogenicity, ECM composition, printability, biocompatibility, biomechanical properties, types of cross-linkers, and their potential applications. By comprehensively addressing these factors, researchers can optimize dECM bio-inks for 3D printing and create meniscus substitutes that closely mimic the native meniscus. In conclusion, this review highlights the most promising approaches for 3D printing the meniscus, drawing on the insights gained from the analysis of meniscus anatomy, biomechanics, and dECM bio-ink characteristics.