Observational analysis found no supernova neutrino bursts in LVD, indicating a maximum supernova rate.
The Large Volume Detector (LVD) at the INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy, is a 1 kt liquid scintillator neutrino observatory. It is mainly designed to detect and study neutrino bursts from gravitational stellar collapses in the Galaxy. In this paper, we summarize the results of the last run from January 1ˢᵗ, 2014 to May 8ᵗʰ, 2025, for a livetime of 4133 days. No supernova neutrino burst was observed in this dataset. Taking into account all previously published results since 1992, with a total livetime of 11468 days (31.4 y), the upper limit on the supernova rate up to distances of 25 kpc is 0.073 y⁻¹ at 90% confidence level.
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Vigorito et al. (2025) studied this question.
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