A review on battery thermal management system in EV

Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). With the rising adoption of EVs, effective thermal regulation has become critical due to increased battery energy densities and thermal challenges associated with fast charging. This review explores key BTMS approaches, including air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change materials (PCMs), heat pipes, and extended surfaces. It evaluates the advantages and limitations of each method in maintaining optimal battery temperatures and preventing thermal runaway. The role of cathode material selection in thermal performance and system design is also discussed. A comparative analysis highlights trade-offs in efficiency, complexity, and cost. Future research focuses on integrating PCMs with conductive materials, exploring microchannel and nanofluid cooling, developing battery-embedded and adaptive systems, and employing eco-friendly, high-efficiency solutions. This study provides a comprehensive overview of current and emerging BTMS strategies, supporting improved battery performance and sustainable electric transportation.