Perturbative analysis and numerical simulations reveal stable and unstable branches in ultracompact black-hole mimickers, suggesting significant implications for cosmic structures.
We study the stability of ultracompact boson stars admitting light rings combining a perturbative analysis with <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mrow><a:mn>3</a:mn><a:mo>+</a:mo><a:mn>1</a:mn></a:mrow></a:math> numerical-relativity simulations with and without symmetry assumptions. We observe excellent agreement between all perturbative and numerical results, which uniformly support the hypothesis that this family of black-hole mimickers is separated into stable and unstable branches by extremal-mass configurations. This separation includes, in particular, thin-shell boson stars with light rings located on the stable branch, which we conclude to represent long-term stable black-hole mimickers.
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Marks et al. (2025) studied this question.
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