A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Unemployment in High and Low Female Labour Force Participation States of India

Women’s unemployment in India reflects a paradox: despite rising educational attainment, female labour force participation remains among the lowest in the world. This paper investigates state-level disparities in women’s unemployment by comparing regions with high and low female labour force participation rates (FLFPR). Using secondary data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Census of India, and National Family Health Survey (NFHS), the study identifies structural, cultural, and economic drivers of female unemployment. Results reveal that states with low FLFPR, such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan, exhibit higher female unemployment rates, compounded by restrictive gender norms, limited childcare infrastructure, and sectoral dependence on agriculture. By contrast, states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Meghalaya demonstrate relatively lower unemployment, supported by stronger educational outcomes, diversified labour markets, and inclusive social policies. Regression analysis confirms the significance of education, childcare facilities, and service-sector employment in shaping unemployment outcomes. The findings highlight the urgent need for state-specific interventions, including vocational training, gender-sensitive infrastructure, and targeted employment programs to enhance women’s participation in the workforce.