Impact of Exclusive Breastfeeding on Vitamin D Status in Children Under Five in Karachi

Background: Vitamin D deficiency poses a significant public health challenge, particularly for young children. While breastfeeding provides essential nutrients, its influence on vitamin D status in children remains unclear, especially in populations with high deficiency rates. This study evaluates the impact of exclusive breastfeeding on the vitamin D status of children under five in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 400 children aged 0 to 5 years who underwent vitamin D testing at a diagnostic laboratory in Karachi in 2022. The study utilized logistic regression and multivariate analyses to examine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and vitamin D status, accounting for potential confounders. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 71.8%. Children exclusively breastfed for ≥6 months had a significantly lower risk of deficiency (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45-0.80, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that exclusive breastfeeding independently contributed to a reduced risk of deficiency, alongside age and seasonal factors. Conclusions: Promoting exclusive breastfeeding, coupled with safe sun exposure and dietary education, could reduce vitamin D deficiency in young children in Karachi. Public health strategies should integrate these findings to enhance childhood nutrition and health outcomes.