BIOMEMS for Therapeutics and Sensing: Advances in Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Microfluidics

Biomedical micro-electromechanical systems (BIOMEMS) exemplify the fusion of microscale engineering with biological science, applying MEMS technology to enhance medical procedures, especially drug delivery. These platforms are engineered to deliver highly accurate and tightly controlled dosing, a necessity for treatments with narrow therapeutic margins. This review examines the major developments in BIOMEMS and their instrumental role in advancing drug delivery technologies. It organizes these devices into two primary categories: passive systems, which rely on diffusion or material degradation for drug release, and active systems, which use on-board pumps or other actuators for programmable delivery. Core elements covered include micropumps, microreservoirs, microsensors, microfluidic channels, and the associated control circuitry. The article also discusses the key fabrication methods and material choices that underpin state-of-the-art BIOMEMS. It compares silicon-based microfabrication, polymeric molding techniques, and the incorporation of biocompatible metals, each of which influences the mechanical integrity and functionality of the final device. Ultimately, the rise of BIOMEMS in drug delivery marks a shift toward more precise, controllable therapeutic strategies. To capitalize on this potential, engineers and researchers must refine release profiles to boost clinical outcomes and treatment efficacy. Future work should concentrate on advancing microfabrication processes and developing intelligent materials that will drive the next generation of BIOMEMS innovation.